Ab-initio transport model to study the thermoelectric performance of MoS2, MoSe2, and WS2 monolayers by using Boltzmann Transport Equation.

The potential for thermoelectric applications of two-dimensional (2D) materials is quite promising. Using ab-initio calculations, we have investigated the electronic band structure, phonon band structure, electronic density of states (DOS), and phonon density of state (PDOS) of monolayers MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , and WS 2 . In order to compute the thermoelectric properties of monolayers MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , and WS 2 , we used the ab-initio model suggested by Faghaninia et al. "Phys. Rev. B 91, 235123 (2015)". Within this model, by using inputs from density functional theory (DFT) and considering all relevant elastic and inelastic scattering mechanisms, we have calculated the thermoelectric properties of monolayers MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , and WS 2 over various ranges of temperature (T) and carrier concentration (n). The obtained results of Seebeck coefficients (S) and Figure of merit (ZT) at T = 300 K for both n/p-types of monolayers MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , and WS 2 are in good agreement with the findings obtained by other models using the BTE within a constant relaxation time framework.

Sensitization Lectures for Reducing Weight Bias in Undergraduate Medical Students.

INTRODUCTION: Discrimination exists in one form or another in every society, usually against those who are weaker, in fewer numbers, or different from the rest. Most physicians are empathetic towards their patients but can either not keep an eye on their subordinates or lack the power to act against such employees. Persons experiencing discrimination in healthcare centers may try to avoid or postpone future visits, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment of ailments. Obesity bias present in society has crept into healthcare centers and intimidates persons with obesity who are seeking medical aid. Implicit and explicit obesity bias has been recorded in healthcare students. METHODS: Data from 102 undergraduate medical students (23 female) who completed this study was analyzed. Implicit bias (tested online using the Implicit Association Test) and explicit bias (measured using four types of tool kits) were measured before and after conducting an obesity sensitization program (OSP) comprising four lectures on the causes and consequences of obesity and obesity discrimination and its consequences. RESULTS: The change in implicit bias was not significant. However, a significant reduction was noted in the four different types of tools for explicit bias after conducting the OSP. CONCLUSION: OSP helped medical students identify obesity bias and reduce explicit bias. Sensitization lectures conducted in medical colleges and schools can help reduce such discrimination in healthcare centers.

Effect of different concentrations of titanium and silver nanoparticles on maxillofacial silicone MDX4-4210 on cell viability, tear bond strength, and shore strength: An in vitro study.

Aim: The aim was to evaluate and compare the cell viability, tear bond strength, and shore hardness of MDX4-4210 silicone reinforced with titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles in 1%, 2%, and 3%. Settings and Design: The study design involves in vitro comparative study. Materials and Methods: MDX4-4210 silicone incorporated with 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. A total of 112 specimens were prepared and grouped into 7, with 16 specimens in each group. Group 1 - control, Groups 2, 3, and 4 were 1%, 2%, and 3% silver, respectively. Groups 5, 6, and 7 were 1%, 2%, and 3% titanium dioxide nanoparticles, respectively. Cell viability was tested by MTT ASSAY on MG63 cell lines, tear bond strength was tested by peeling force in universal testing machine, and Shore A hardness was tested in durometer. Statistical Analysis Used: The cell viability values were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey honestly significant difference test, tear bond strength and shore hardness values were analysed using Mann-Whitney test. Results: Based on the MTT ASSAY test, 1% silver nanoparticles incorporated MDX4-4210 silicone showed maximum cell viability of 42.10%, whereas minimum cell viability was 18.06% for 3% of titanium dioxide-reinforced silicone. The mean value of tear bond strength of 1% silver and 1% titanium dioxide nanoparticles reinforced room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone were 62.81 ± 3.637 N/m and 59.69 ± 5.313 N/m and the mean value of shore hardness of room temperature vulcanized of 1% silver and 1% titanium dioxide nanoparticles reinforced room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone were 38.06 ± 1.237 and 36.75 ± 1.291. Conclusion: Cell viability of 1% silver nanoparticles reinforced MDX4-4210 silicone was higher in comparison to the other groups, and tear bond strength and shore hardness were significantly higher in 1% silver nanoparticles reinforced silicone compared to 1% titanium nanoparticles reinforced MDX4-4210 silicone.

Putative Role of Cholesterol in Shaping the Structural and Functional Dynamics of Smoothened (SMO).

The smoothened (SMO) receptor belongs to the superfamily of class F G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and is a potential drug target in several types of cancer. It has two ligand binding sites, respectively, in the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and the transmembrane domain (TMD). It has been shown that cholesterol is important for its activation and function. However, the molecular-level understanding of SMO dynamics in the presence of cholesterol has not been explored in sufficient detail. In this work, we have carried out atomistic molecular dynamics simulations totaling 3.6 µs to analyze the effect of cholesterol binding to TMD and/or CRD on the structure and dynamics of the SMO receptor. Our results show that the presence of cholesterol in the CRD and TMD, respectively, alters the conformational dynamics of SMO differently. We reported that the reorganization of the D-R-E network at the extracellular end of the TMD is important for the high activity of SMO. In general, the transmembrane helices 5, 6, and 7 and helix 8 are most affected, which, in turn, leads to changes in the CRD and intracellular cytoplasmic domain (ICD) dynamics patterns depending on the presence or absence of cholesterol in the CRD and/or the TMD. We have also reported that the interaction of membrane lipids with SMO is different in different SMO states. These results agree with the experimental structural observations and data of cholesterol-bound and unbound structures of SMO and add to our molecular understanding of the SMO-cholesterol interaction.

Emergence of yellowing disease in cucurbitaceous vegetables caused by Crinivirus and Polerovirus in India.

Totally 102 symptomatic samples of cucurbitaceous vegetables showing yellowing were collected from fields of Uttar Pradesh and screened by RT-PCR assay for the presence of Crinivirus and Polerovirus. Among them, Crinivirus (16%) and Polerovirus (23%) were tested positive with the universal primer pairs. Based on the sequence analysis of amplified product, two Crinivirus (Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus - CCYV and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus - CYSDV) and two Polerovirus (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus - CABYV and Luffa aphid-borne yellows virus - LABYV) species were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed less genetic distance among the Indian isolates of CCYV, CYSDV and LABYV whereas CABYV closely related to Chinese isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this study documents infection of CCYV on cucumber, round melon and muskmelon; CYSDV on satputia and sponge gourd; CABYV on ivy gourd; and LABYV on ridge gourd, satputia and muskmelon for the first time in India.

Structural characterization of transcription-coupled repair protein UVSSA and its interaction with TFIIH protein.

UV-stimulated scaffold protein A (UVSSA) is a key protein in the Transcription-Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair (TC-NER) pathway. UVSSA, an intrinsically disordered protein, interacts with multiple members of the pathway, tethering them into the complex. Several studies have reported that UVSSA recruits Transcription Factor IIH (TFIIH) via direct interaction, following which CSB is degraded and the lesion recognition TC-NER complex dissociates from the damage site to facilitate the DNA repair. Structural insights into these events remain largely unknown. Herein, we have investigated the interaction of human UVSSA with the Pleckstrin-Homology-domain of p62 subunit of TFIIH (p62-PHD) using biophysical techniques. We observed that UVSSA forms a stable complex with the p62-PHD in vitro. Small-angle scattering measurements using X-rays and neutrons revealed a significant change in pair-distance distribution function for UVSSA662/p62-PHD complex compared to UVSSA alone. Additionally, a significant decrease was observed in the radius of gyration of the complex. Our findings suggest that TFIIH binding to UVSSA causes significant conformational changes in UVSSA. We hypothesize that these conformational changes play an important role in the dissociation of the lesion recognition TC-NER complex.

Computational identification of a multi-peptide vaccine candidate in E2 glycoprotein against diverse Hepatitis C virus genotypes.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is estimated to affect nearly 180 million people worldwide, culminating in ∼0.7 million yearly casualties. However, a safe vaccine against HCV is not yet available. This study endeavored to identify a multi-genotypic, multi-epitopic, safe, and globally competent HCV vaccine candidate. We employed a consensus epitope prediction strategy to identify multi-epitopic peptides in all known envelope glycoprotein (E2) sequences, belonging to diverse HCV genotypes. The obtained peptides were screened for toxicity, allergenicity, autoimmunity and antigenicity, resulting in two favorable peptides viz., P2 (VYCFTPSPVVVG) and P3 (YRLWHYPCTV). Evolutionary conservation analysis indicated that P2 and P3 are highly conserved, supporting their use as part of a designed multi-genotypic vaccine. Population coverage analysis revealed that P2 and P3 are likely to be presented by >89% Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules from six geographical regions. Indeed, molecular docking predicted the physical binding of P2 and P3 to various representative HLAs. We designed a vaccine construct using these peptides and assessed its binding to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) by molecular docking and simulation. Subsequent analysis by energy-based and machine learning tools predicted high binding affinity and pinpointed the key binding residues (i.e. hotspots) in P2 and P3. Also, a favorable immunogenic profile of the construct was predicted by immune simulations. We encourage the scientific community to validate our vaccine construct in vitro and in vivo.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Role of nuclear energy in carbon mitigation to achieve United Nations net zero carbon emission: evidence from Fourier bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto.

In this communication, the time series data of three major countries USA, France, and Japan from 1965 to 2020 for CO2 emission, GDP, and nuclear energy (NE) are evaluated. It also analyzed and validated the EKC hypothesis while using nuclear energy for electricity generation. Fourier ARDL is used to investigate the hypothesis criteria, and the Fourier bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto (FBTY) causality test is used for causal linkage between the variables as well as the wavelet coherence; it is also presented the time and frequency dependency of the variables. The CO2 mitigation by using the NE is also assessed for all three countries and assessed that the France, Japan, and USA mitigated the CO2 per year is 0.0463 million metric ton (MMT), 0.0239 and 0.0728 MMT per year respectively. Similar to that the SO2 is reduced by using the NE is 24.322, 43.527, and 132.592 MMT/year, and NOx is reduced by approximately 0.2847, 0.147, and 0.4478 MMT/year by France, Japan, and USA respectively by applying the NE for power generation. The evidence of the EKC, Fourier bootstrap and Toda-Yamamoto clarifies the important role of nuclear energy in terms of carbon mitigation to achieve UN net zero carbon emission by 2050. Hence, in order to meet the UN target of net zero carbon emission by 2050, the USA and Japan should increase the production of nuclear energy as France meets its 74.1% energy demand through NE by validating the EKC hypothesis; on the other hand, all the three countries should increase the production of tidal energy due to their geographical location as tides are much more predictable than wind and sun keeping in consideration to the expenses incurred and a full proof plan for disposing NE residuals in a safe place as NE residuals are highly radioactive and contains traces of thorium and uranium.

How effective aerated continuous electrocoagulation can be for tetracycline removal from river water using aluminium electrodes?

The study assessed the effects of aeration on continuous electrocoagulation (EC) for tetracycline (TCL) removal from river water. Influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and initial drug concentration on treatment efficiency was tested. Best conditions for continuous EC operation were 12 min HRT, electrode spacing 2 cm, 9 V, and Al-Al electrode combination. Highest COD removal with non-aerated EC was 59.4% at 1 mg L-1 initial TCL concentration and further increasing TCL concentration decreased COD removal efficiency. Maximum TCL removal was 66.6% at 10 mg L-1 initial TCL concentration with non-aerated EC. Aerated EC enhanced COD and TCL removal to 61.4% and 71.5%, respectively. In XRD and FTIR spectra no new peaks were detected following EC treatment. XRD, FTIR and FESEM-EDS data supported that significant removal of TCL occurred by charge neutralization, entrapment, adsorption and precipitation driven by Al (OH)3 flocs. Pseudo-second order reaction rate constants explained the kinetics of TCL removal from river water. Sludge volume produced with continuous mode EC non-aerated and aerated EC was 31 cm3 and 39 cm3, respectively. Operating cost was estimated to 0.018 US$/m3 for non-aerated EC and 0.025 US$/m3 for aerated EC. EC can be augmented by aeration for enhanced removal of TCL from river water.

Development of agro-infectious clones for screening resistance against recombinant mungbean yellow mosaic India virus causing golden mosaic disease in vegetable cowpea.

Begomovirus associated with golden mosaic disease on vegetable cowpea has been characterized through rolling circle amplification. The genomic components (DNA A and DNA B) were cloned and sequenced. Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA A (MT671430) and DNA B (MT671431) component had > 98% identity toward the mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) reported previously from India on various legumes. In phylogenetic analysis, study isolate shared common ancestry with MYMIV isolates of India, Pakistan and Nepal infecting legumes. Based on the recombination analysis, this cowpea isolate appears to be evolved through recombination of MYMIV sequences both at DNA A (Major parent: AF481855; Minor parent: AF416742) and DNA B (Major parent: AF416741; Minor parent: MN698281) level. Furthermore, Agrobacterium-based dimeric clone constructs were found highly infectious on cowpea host upon co-inoculation of DNA-A and DNA-B components by producing typical golden mosaic symptoms 42 days post-inoculation. Upon inoculation of these agro-infectious clones, vegetable cowpea germplasm lines were categorized as resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible to golden mosaic disease. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03206-2.

Structural dynamics of Smoothened (SMO) in the ciliary membrane and its interaction with membrane lipids.

The Smoothened receptor (SMO, a 7 pass transmembrane domain, Class F GPCR family protein) plays a crucial role in the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, which is involved in embryonic development and is implicated in various types of cancer throughout the animal kingdom. In the absence of HH signaling, SMO is inhibited by Patched 1 (PTC1; a 12 pass transmembrane domain protein), which is localized in the primary cilia. HH binding leads to the dislocation of PTC1 from the cilia, thus making way for SMO to localize in the primary cilia, as an essential prerequisite for its activation. We have carried out MARTINI coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of SMO in POPC and in ciliary membrane models, respectively, to study the interactions of SMO with cholesterol and other lipid molecules in the ciliary membrane, and to gain molecular-level insights into the role of the primary cilia in shaping the functional dynamics of SMO. We are able to identify the interaction of membrane cholesterols with definite sites and domains within SMO and relate them with known cholesterol-binding sequence and structure motifs. We show that cholesterol interactions with the transmembrane domain TMD, unlike those with the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and the intracellular domain (ICD), are through residues belonging to known cholesterol-binding motifs. Notably, a few persistent interactions of cholesterol with lower TM cholesterol-binding domains are governed by the presence of multiple cholesterol-binding motifs. These analyses have also helped to identify and define a strict cholesterol consensus motif (CCM), which may well steer cholesterol into the hitherto identified binding sites within the TMD of SMO. We have also reported the interaction of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate with the intracellular region of transmembrane (TM) helices (TM1, TM3, TM4, and TM5), intracellular loop1, helix8, and Arg/Lys clusters of the ICD. Structural analysis of SMO domains shows significant changes in the CRD and ICD, during the course of the simulation. Further detailed analysis of the dynamics of the TMD reveals the movements of TM5, TM6, and TM7, linked with the helix8, which are possibly involved in shaping the conformational disposition of the ICD. The movement of these TM helices could possibly be a consequence of interactions involving the extracellular domain and extracellular loops. In addition, our analysis also shows that phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P), along with some ICD cholesterols, are implicated in anchoring SMO in the membrane.

Recent advances in nanotechnology based combination drug therapy for skin cancer.

Skin-cancer (SC) is more common than all other cancers affecting large percentage of the population in the world and is increasing in terms of morbidity and mortality. In the United States, 3million people are affected by SC annually whereas millions of people are affected globally. Melanoma is fifth most common cancer in the United States. SC is commonly occurred in white people as per WHO. SC is divided into two groups, i.e. melanoma and non-melanoma. In the previous two decades, management of cancer remains to be a tough and a challenging task for many scholars. Presently, the treatment protocols are mostly based on surgery and chemo-radiation therapy, which sooner or later harm the unaffected cells too. To reduce these limitations, nano scaled materials and its extensive range may be recognized as the probable carriers for the selective drug delivery in response to cancerous cells. Recently, the nanocarriers based drugs and their combinations were found to be a new and interesting approach of study for the management of skin carcinoma to enhance the effectiveness, to lessen the dose-dependent side effects and to avoid the drug resistance. This review may emphasize on the wide-range of information on nanotechnology-based drugs and their combination with physical techniques.

Crouzon's Syndrome with a Dominant Sinus Pericranii Draining Transverse Sinus: Report of a Rare Association and Review of Literature.

INTRODUCTION: Crouzon's syndrome and sinus pericranii (SP) are rare entities. Only few cases having both the features are reported. SP most commonly drains in relation to superior sagittal sinus and their communication to major posterior dural sinuses is rare. CASE REPORT: We report a rare case of Crouzon's syndrome with SP at a suboccipital location with termination of left transverse sinus into the SP draining further through the extracranial suboccipital and extravertebral cervical venous plexi into external jugular veins. Distal transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus on the left side were absent. CONCLUSION: Crouzon's syndrome with SP is an extremely rare entity. SP with communication to major posterior dural venous sinuses is also rare and mostly associated with multi-suture craniosynostosis. Management depends on the volume of venous blood they are draining. Most of them are dominant type and their occlusion is not feasible. Preoperative diagnosis of a dominant SP is essential for proper surgical planning as it needs to be preserved mandatorily to prevent cerebral venous infarction.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for quicker detection of tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus infection in chilli.

Chilli leaf curl disease caused by whitefly transmitted begomoviruses is an important constraint to chilli (Capsicum anuum L.) cultivation in India. Tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus (ToLCJoV) was characterized and identified as incitant of leaf curl disease through rolling circle amplification (RCA) and PCR assay from the symptomatic samples collected from Uttar Pradesh, India. Although PCR assay provides the gold standard in diagnostics, this method consumes more time and requires convenient portable instruments. Therefore, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the detection of ToLCJoV by targeting the AC1 and AC2 region. Detection has been achieved through a laddered pattern of amplification in agarose gel electrophoresis. The assay has detected ToLCJoV in a total DNA concentration of 1 × 10-1 ng indicating 200-fold higher sensitivity than that of the PCR. Further, the replacement of total DNA with leaf extracts using the grinding buffer and GES buffer coupled with LAMP assay also detected the presence of ToLCJoV in the infected chilli samples. With this assay, ToLCJoV can be detected in less than 2 h without DNA extraction. Besides, this assay will be highly useful in discriminating the leaf curl disease etiology by ToLCJoV from other begomoviruses and insects (thrips and mites). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a LAMP assay for the detection of ToLCJoV.

Meta-QTL analysis and candidate genes identification for various abiotic stresses in maize (Zea mays L.) and their implications in breeding programs.

Global climate change leads to the concurrence of a number of abiotic stresses including moisture stress (drought, waterlogging), temperature stress (heat, cold), and salinity stress, which are the major factors affecting maize production. To develop abiotic stress tolerance in maize, many quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified, but very few of them have been utilized successfully in breeding programs. In this context, the meta-QTL analysis of the reported QTL will enable the identification of stable/real QTL which will pave a reliable way to introgress these QTL into elite cultivars through marker-assisted selection. In this study, a total of 542 QTL were summarized from 33 published studies for tolerance to different abiotic stresses in maize to conduct meta-QTL analysis using BiomercatorV4.2.3. Among those, only 244 major QTL with more than 10% phenotypic variance were preferably utilised to carry out meta-QTL analysis. In total, 32 meta-QTL possessing 1907 candidate genes were detected for different abiotic stresses over diverse genetic and environmental backgrounds. The MQTL2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.6, 7.1, 9.1, and 9.2 control different stress-related traits for combined abiotic stress tolerance. The candidate genes for important transcription factor families such as ERF, MYB, bZIP, bHLH, NAC, LRR, ZF, MAPK, HSP, peroxidase, and WRKY have been detected for different stress tolerances. The identified meta-QTL are valuable for future climate-resilient maize breeding programs and functional validation of candidate genes studies, which will help to deepen our understanding of the complexity of these abiotic stresses. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01294-9.

A Comparative Analysis of the APRI, FIB4, and FibroScan Score in Evaluating the Severity of Chronic Liver Disease in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in India.

Background and aims Non-invasive assessment methods to assess liver fibrosis are important tools where FibroScan or liver biopsy is not accessible. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and performance of the fibrosis index based on four factors (FIB-4) and aspartate transaminase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) to evaluate liver fibrosis against FibroScan for the stages of liver fibrosis in patients of chronic liver disease due to chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care center in Uttar Pradesh, India, and the patients were enrolled between 2017 and 2020. During the study period, 520 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were selected. Laboratory blood testing and FibroScan were performed in all patients with CHB. APRI and FIB-4 were calculated using a standard formula involving laboratory parameters. Result The performance of FIB-4 scores are nearly similar to APRI, with area under the curve (AUC) 0.753, (95% CI) (0.711-0.795) (p<0.0001) for ≥F2 fibrosis (significant fibrosis) and even better 0.851 (0.815-0.887) (p<0.0001) for the F4 fibrosis (cirrhosis) group. Both the tests are proven good to diagnose fibrosis but FIB-4 has more area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) than APRI in each set, thus FIB-4 is considered better than APRI. Conclusions APRI and FIB-4 scores showed good performance in detecting patients without liver fibrosis as compared with FibroScan. Based on this study, FibroScan can be avoided in patients examined for the diagnosis of mild fibrosis and cirrhosis in the source constrained area.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Bioactives and Its Role in Alleviating Oral Pathologies.

Garlic (Allium sativa L.) is a bulbous flowering plant belongs to the family of Amaryllidaceae and is a predominant horticultural crop originating from central Asia. Garlic and its products are chiefly used for culinary and therapeutic purposes in many countries. Bulbs of raw garlic have been investigated for their role in oral health, which are ascribed to a myriad of biologically active compounds such as alliin, allicin, methiin, S-allylcysteine (SAC), diallyl sulfide (DAS), S-ally-mercapto cysteine (SAMC), diallyl disulphide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS) and methyl allyl disulphide. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement. Scopus, PubMed, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Science direct databases were searched between 12 April 2021 to 4 September 2021. A total of 148 studies were included and the qualitative synthesis phytochemical profile of GE, biological activities, therapeutic applications of garlic extract (GE) in oral health care system, and its mechanism of action in curing various oral pathologies have been discussed. Furthermore, the safety of incorporation of GE as food supplements is also critically discussed. To conclude, GE could conceivably make a treatment recourse for patients suffering from diverse oral diseases.

Investigations on annual spreading of viruses infecting cucurbit crops in Uttar Pradesh State, India.

During 2018 an intensive study was conducted to determine the viruses associated with cucurbitaceous crops in nine agroclimatic zones of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Total of 563 samples collected and analysed across 14 different cucurbitaceous crops. The results showed the dominance of Begomovirus (93%) followed by Potyvirus (46%), cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV-39%), Polerovirus (9%), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-2%) and Orthotospovirus (2%). Nearly 65% of samples were co-infected with more than one virus. Additionally, host range expansion of CMV, CGMMV and polerovirus was also observed on cucurbit crops. A new potyvirus species, zucchini tigre mosaic virus, earlier not documented from India has also been identified on five crops during the study. Risk map generated using ArcGIS for virus disease incidence predicted the virus severity in unexplored areas. The distribution pattern of different cucurbit viruses throughout Uttar Pradesh will help identify the hot spots for viruses and will facilitate to devise efficient and eco-friendly integrated management strategies for the mitigation of viruses infecting cucurbit crops. Molecular diversity and evolutionary relationship of the virus isolates infecting cucurbits in Uttar Pradesh with previously reported strains were understood from the phylogenetic analysis. Diverse virus infections observed in the Eastern Plain zone, Central zone and North-Eastern Plain zone indicate an alarming situation for the cultivation of cucurbits in the foreseeable future.